State, Local Governments Borrow at Record Levels: Q3 2005
The Federal Reserve Flow of Funds Table F211 for Municipal Securities and Loans, shows that state and local government are issuing long-term bonds at record levels.
The main purchasers of municipal bonds are domestic individual investors that benefit from tax exemptions on municipal bond interest. The largest institutional purchasers are property-casualty insurance companies and money market funds.
The graph shows that total liabilities have increased since 1995 with much of new municipal debt being financed by the household sector.
![]() Individuals Hold Government Debt
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The rate of increase in borrowing by State and Local Governments has more than tripled since 2000.
Foreign investors are not significant players in this market.




























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