It used to be that the term ‘international liquidity’ meant the relative amount of resources available to a nation’s monetary authorities that could be used to settle a balance of payments deficit.

In the days of the gold standard, this would mean access to gold that could be used to redeem a nation’s currency held by foreigners.

After Breton Woods and the advent of the dollar-gold exchange standard, liquidity came to mean access to dollars, either held as reserves or as credit lines, or the SDR system maintained by the International Monetary Fund.

After 1971, with the abandonment of the dollar-gold exchange standard, as the world entered an era of ‘managed’ exchange rates, some ‘floating’, some ‘pegged’, ‘international liquidity’ came to mean the resources available to national monetary authorities to maintain the value of their currencies as required by their exchange management programs.

More »

The correct answer to this question is, “Of course, the U.S. trade deficit is not sustainable.”

But then, what is? Neither the Roman nor the British Empire endured. Economic and political phenomenon eventually fade and die. Indeed, the U.S. trade deficit, one day, like everything else will be a thing of the past.

A more practical question would be, “How much longer might the U.S. trade deficit last? One year? Ten years? Thirty years?”

Some observers may presume that the demise of the trade deficit is imminent, perhaps by the end of 2006; but, it this reasonable?

The trade deficit has been growing for thirty years — which almost qualifies as a Keynesian ‘long-run’ . Since no clear mechanism exists whereby the trade deficit must end in, say, six months or a year, it could be that in thirty years our children will still fret about a trade deficit that has grown even larger.

The longevity of the U.S. trade deficit is quite germane to Capital Flow Analysis, since it is the dollars earned by foreign exporters that support the price of American bonds.

(See: “Trade Deficits Have Depressed Bond Yields for Twenty Years.”)

It is worthwhile to speculate about the sustainability of the trade deficit.

More »

In March 2004, news tickers reported a larger trade deficit. The Fed announced its decision to raise short term interest. Bond traders, crowded elbow to elbow on their communal desks, alerted by blaring bull horns, were quick to react. Intermediate and long bond prices fell sharply.

More »